The Effect Of Parent Child Relationships On Human Development

Carr and Cortina provide a powerful explanation of Self-Psychology, â€Å"Heinz Kohut and John Bowlby, working independently, contributed to a paradigm shift within psychoanalysis. Their combined work dramatically changed the way many psychoanalysts understand the effect of parent–child relationships on human development, as well as the very nature of psychopathology. This, in turn, transformed clinical practice as their ideas spread and many analysts became more emotionally responsive, creating a friendlier, more respectful therapeutic ambiance.† (Carr Cortina, 2011, pg.42) Kohut was able to notice patients who were not doing well with the classic Freudian theories and he began to listen to those same patients who were suffering from low self-esteem, lack of motivation and many difficulties on social and sexual spheres. The presented patient’s self-concept includes the above descriptions of what Kohut points out as well as, â€Å"feelings of worthlessness, ina dequacy, and helplessness† which â€Å"pervades functioning in negative ways (Hepworth, Larsen, Rooney, Strom-Gottfried, 2011, p. 209).† And some of that damaging thinking has led the patient to continue to self-harm and abuse substances because she feels that this is what she deserves and that it is too late to start her outlook on over. â€Å"The Guilty Man† was also viewed very differently between Frued and Kohut. Frued viewed it as, a person who was trying to negotiate id, ego and superego and how people felt guilty about idShow MoreRelatedDefinitions of Child Abuse and Neglect1422 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse is defined as the mistreatment of a child by a parent or guardian (dictionary.com). The different types of child abuse are emotional, neglect, physical, and sexual; abuse each having unique signs for the specific type of abuse. Child abuse can have many effects throughout an individual’s development including the possibility of the repeating abuse to their own children when they have a family. According to the textbook â€Å"Human Development,† emotional abuse or maltreatment is the rejectionRead MoreAttachment Theory : A Psychological Model1638 Words   |  7 Pagesexplanation of how the parent-child interaction emerges and how it influences human development over a life span. The term attachment refers to the complex set of related thought processes and behaviors towards a primary care giver. The attachment behaviors are biologically guided by our natural instinct for protection and safety. This evolved behavioral system organizes human motivation, emotions, cognition, and memory. The attachment relationship that an individual creates in infancy effects their growthRead MoreEcological Systems Theory : Urie Bronfenbrenner1378 Words   |  6 Pagesknown for his Ecological Systems Theory of child development. 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Bronfenbrenner’s model is often visually displayed as a child with surrounding layers of atmospheres representingRead MoreEssay on The Shocking Truths of Divorce1073 Words   |  5 PagesAn absence of a parent or a parent’s separation, divorce, when a child is developing, may affect the child’s future relationships. â€Å"Evidence shows that, on average, children who have experienced parental divorce score somewhat lower than children in first-marriage families on measures of social development, emotional well-being, self-concept, academic performance, educational attainment, and physical health† (Demo, Supple) Since there are high rates of divorce in America, I decided to write aboutRead MoreMy Point Of View Attachment Theory1033 Words   |  5 Pagesterm associated of human beings. From my point of view attachment is a lasting, secure and positive bond between a child and a caregiver, a reciprocal relationship. 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This paper takesRead MoreChild s Play Is Very Important1137 Words   |  5 Pagesplay is very important. There are many different ways to go about playing with your child. I will be doing a workshop that focuses on the important of child play. This will include the importance of parent/ child interaction, as well as activities you can do to engage your child and help your child learn. My target audience will be for anyone who is a parent, or is going to be a parent, with an emphasis on parents with infants and toddlers. These classes can be held at many locations across the communityRead MoreNature And Nurture s Effect On Behavior1690 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Nature and Nurture’s Effect on Behavior Katelyn M. Buchanan Ball State University PSYS 100:002 Hypothesis: The environment a child is raised in has a greater effect on their behavior than the nurture the child receives from their parents. My Initial Hypothesis The influence of one’s environment versus the influence of one’s parents and home life may not seem to be much of importance to the average individual. Prior to learning more about human psychological development, I too was guilty of notRead MoreAttachment And Its Effects On Children s Life1025 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment starts to develop since the women’s pregnancy, during this stage of human development the female starts to cultivate emotional attachment to the fetus. The method in which attachment is formed during gestation will eventually affect or enhance the child stance during pregnancy or even after birth. Attachment can be defined as the manner in which an infant creates an emotional connection between specific members. Attachment can be clearly detected, especially with the persons who are closerRead MoreThe Effects of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theor y Kathleen A. Gebert Capella University Abstract Urie Bronfenbrenner Ecological Theory suggests that child growth and development started and ended with a layer of ecological systems. The systems consists of microsytem (family or classroom), meosystem (two microsystem interacting such as neighborhood and family), exosystem (external environments that affect a child’s growth i.e. parents workplace), macrosystem (the larger society cultural environment)

Essay on Economics and Opportunity Cost - 1005 Words

Homework #1 ECO 156 Principles of Macroeconomics Chapter 1 2 1. Identify whether each of the following transactions takes place in the factor market or the product market. a. Billy buys a sofa from Home Time Furniture for his new home. Factor market b. Home Time Furniture pays its manager her weekly salary. Product market c. The manager buys dinner at Billy’s Cafà ©. Product market d. After he pays all of his employees their wages and pays his other bills, the owner of Billy’s Cafà © takes his profit. Factor market 2. List the opportunity costs of the following: a. going to college - the money you would have earned if you worked instead. b. missing a lecture – takes away from your knowledge of that lesson.†¦show more content†¦The opportunity cost from moving from point C to B is a decrease in food units but an increase in shelter units. d. Which of points A–E is the most efficient? Explain. C and D are most efficient because it requires society to use the resources to their fullest extent. Chapter 3 5. What would be the effect of each of the following on the demand for Chevrolets in the United States? In each case, identify the responsible determinant of demand. a. The price of Fords plummets. If the price on Fords went down the demand for them would increase. The cheaper the product is the more people will want it. b. Consumers believe that the price of Chevrolets will rise next year. If the price rises and the price of Ford is decreasing most likely the demand for Chevrolets will decrease and will lose out on customers because of Ford. c. The incomes of Americans rise. Well if this happens then they will go with the better car even if it’s more money. So Chevrolet’s will have more of an increasing demand because American’s have more money to spend. d. The price of gasoline falls dramatically. If the price of gasoline dropped then there’s a chance people will go with Chevrolet because it’s a better car even though it’s more expensive. But there’s a chance people will stay and save money with Ford because their cars are so cheap. 6. What would be the effect of each of the following on the supply of salsa in theShow MoreRelatedEconomics and Opportunity Cost Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Cost of Something Mankiws Ten Principles of Economics Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative in a decision. Imagine that you have $150 to see a concert. You can either see Hot Stuff or you can see Good Times Band. Assume that you value Hot Stuffs concert at $225 and Good Times concert at $150. Both concerts cost $150 per ticket, but it would take you a couple of hours to drive to Hot Stuffs concert and you have to be in school (the next) morning for an exam. GoodRead MoreThe Economic Principles Of Tradeoff And Opportunity Cost848 Words   |  4 Pagesdecisions. Sometimes we are given a choice among multiple desired options and we must debate which one would be the best option. By using economic principles, making these decisions can become easy when we apply such economic principles as Trade offs and Opportunity Cost. As a current senior with only one semester left to graduate, utilizing these economic principles will allow me to make the best possible decision when choosing which of three electives to take next sem ester: French, CreativeRead MoreThe Cost Of Opportunity Cost1108 Words   |  5 PagesOpportunity cost can be defined as the price of a substitute that might be forgone in order to pursue an assured action. The forgone cost. Opportunity cost can also be defined as the best forgone alternative in a scenario where a decision had to be made between some many mutually exclusive or inclusive alternatives (Mankiw, 2009). Simply put opportunity cost is what one is missing out when they make a choice. 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He provided some lists of things people sacrifice to be in relationships such as losing their personalRead MoreEconomic and Social Costs of Inequality in Australia785 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyse the economic and social costs and benefits of inequality in distribution of income in Australia. Income inequality describes the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among residents of an area. High levels of inequality indicate that a small number of people receive most of the total income, and that most people receive only a small share of the total. There are many advantages and disadvantages associated with the inequitable distribution of income. Income inequality can

Applied Business Research and Ethics Zika Virus

Question: Discuss about theApplied Business Research and Ethicsfor Zika Virus. Answer: Introduction To understand why stem cell research is so valuable its vital to know what a stem cell is. A stem cell is defined as , an unspecialized cell that gives rise to differentiated cells ( Merriam-Webster,2009), meaning that stem cells dont have a specific cell type, like a skin cell or a muscle tissue cell, but instead it will adjust to help a certain type of cell in need. By having this quality stem cells are thought to have the potential to find cures for many dreaded diseases such as Parkinsons, Alzheimers, cancer, paralysis and even to reduce the development of microcephaly in the unborn babies of pregnant women who have become infected with Zika Virus. There are two types of steam cell research. The first is adult also called somatic or germ line stem cell which exists throughout the body after embryonic development such as in brain, bone marrow, skin and liver. The second is embryonic stem cell which usually comes from in vitro fertilisation. The embryos are usually four or five days old, and they are called the blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of three parts: the trophoblast, which surrounds the blastocyst, the blastocoel, which is a hollow cavity inside the blastocyst and the inner cell mass, which is a group of about thirty cells at one end of the blastocoel. Scientists grow the embryonic stem cells by isolating the inner cell mass in a Petri dish. In order for these cells to continue dividing and living, they are contained in a nutrient medium. In relation to research for stem cell that reduces microcephaly, it is necessary to identify genes that trigger the development of the cerebral cortex. Knowing this is important because microcephaly is a neurological birth defect in which abnormal brain development occurs in a child inside the womb or during infancy. Vogel (2016) suggest that it is caused by genetic abnormalities or by toxins and viruses exposed to fetus that damage development of brain tissue. Identification of specific gene related to development of cerebral cortex will give an idea about the development and evolution of brain. The cortex is made up of stem cells and the methods of division of stem cells influences the size of the cerebral cortex. Thus controlling the division of this cell will help in controlling the size of cerebral cortex in microcephaly (Nowakowski, 2016). Therefore, ABC Company can proceed with researching about neural stem cells. This is important because human microcephaly occurs because of mutation of genes that encode proteins for regulation of neural stem cell function (Christopher, 2016).Thus, ABC organization can start research into identifying regulators of neural stem cells to reduce the incidence of microcephaly during child birth. Body Ethical and Legal Background of Stem Cell Research Stem cell research is often at the forefront of heated ethical debates due to its assessment of human life. If stem cell research cannot be ethically defended, then it should not be conducted. You cannot defend a study ethically unless the presumed cost is lower than expected benefits. The cost-benefit analysis of scientific research needs to include human/animal discomfort/risks, environmental issues, material costs, etc which is necessary to support the positive outcome which the research claims to provide (experiment-resources, 2008). The two opposing ethical arguments which have to be defended morally are that of utilitarianism and deontology. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines the moral value of an act in terms of its results, and if those results produce the greatest good for the greatest number. As a consequential theory, it is contrasted with no consequential theories, such as deontology (Mosser, 2011). The Utilitarian argument of stem cell research is that, although the most valuable research has been derived from aborted human fetuses, stem cell research can cure multiple diseases and greatly advance science and medicine, so this is what should be done. Deontology is the study of moral obligation and necessity, finding the source of ethical correctness in the rules according to which one acts. It rejects utilizing the results or consequences of an act to evaluate an act as moral and thus is a non-consequential theory. It is standardly contrasted with the consequential theory of utilitarianism (Mosser, 2011). Skeptics with a deontological view would counter-argue saying that it is unethical to destroy human life to save human life, so this should not be done. The ethical concern that arises in stem cell research is that great objection is faced by researcher because it involves destruction of blastocyst which they consider unethical. Since research depends on donation of female oocytes, many people oppose stem cell research due to the exploitation of pregnant women. There is also legal objection regarding the mixing of human and non-human stem cell for the purpose of research (Barker de Beaufort, 2013). Unethical implications have included use embryo research and aborted fetuses. The controversy over using aborted fetuses for research was much higher prior to 2007. At this time, scientists defend this method on the bases that it would be better to use the fetuses to help humanity as opposed to throwing them away as waist. Scientists defend embryo research on the bases that week-old blastocysts are not human beings, and that destroying those embryos does not constitute killing. At one week, embryos are merely a cluster of cells and not de serving of the protections afforded to others, they say. When conceived naturally, a blastocyst has not been implanted in the uterus by that time. Most scientists argue that an embryo is not a person until it is at least two weeks old, when it develops a so-called primitive streak, the first evidence of a nervous system (FoxNews.com, 2001). However ABC can take appropriate steps to address the ethical and legal issues in stem cell research by following appropriate guideline for carrying out ethical research. First task of ABC would be to take informed consent regarding the use of donated embryo. However consent depends on the purpose of research (Harper et al., 2014). For example research on determining the treatment for chronic disease or infertility will be acceptable, but deriving stems for patent of commercial products may lead to objection. Thus informed consent will help address the diversity of views. Waiver in consent can also be achieved by taking those embryos or oocytes that fail to develop and are discarded. The rationale for this is that there is minimum ethical risk involved in it and it does not lead to breach of confidentiality too. The policies and guidelines for research practice in different countries differ. Mainly restriction is on monetary inducements, gap between clinical decisions and receiving v oluntary informed consent from donors (Panno, 2014). Since there is minimum attention to policies surrounding transfer of human embryonic stem cells, ABC can also investigate about the mechanism by which neural stem cells can localize in the host cells. A survey on policies and guidelines for stem cell research shows that there is prohibition on use of 14 day older embryo after fertilization (Lowenthal et al., 2012). Hence, ABC needs to act within current clinical guidelines and relevant policies and regulations to stem cell research. Secondly, such research should be reviewed by stem cell review committee along with support from expert in science of stem cell. ABC also needs to give informed consent to donors and patient along understanding of risk involved. They should follow a common reference standard and have appropriate management system in place for handling such stem cells. Another critical step is to clinically test the stem cells for potential toxicities in it. The specime n trialled should be monitored for adverse effects regularly. The Facts and Steps That ABC Company Should Consider To Ensure That Research is Ethical To ensure that stem cell research is ethical firstly we must have a morally sound body of law governing stem cell research and tissue donation so that we harness and promote the common good. In Australia the use of human embryos to derive human embryonic stem cell lines for research is governed by the Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002. The Act allows the use under licence of embryos created through ART that are no longer required by the couples or that are unsuitable for implantation. The Act also allows the creation and/or use of certain other types of embryos for research under licence. Also this body should encourage scientists in doing more and more researches ethically and legally. Currently, in Australia human embryos can only be used for research purposes if authorized by a license issued by the NHMRC embryo research committee (Australian Government National health and Medical Research Council) . There are currently ten active licenses issued by the NHMRC Embryo Research Licensing Committee. Secondly, federal and private involvement would increase the pool of talented scientists who could study the cells, and thus accelerate the pace of the research (FoxNews.com, 2001). The Australian government funds stem cell research through various grant schemes.Information about project recently funded by NHMRC is provided on the NHMRC website. Involvement of private organization to raise money for stem cell reach can be done by increasing public awareness. The famous characters of stem cell research supporters in America, Christopher Reeve and Michael J. Fox who supported embryonic stem cell research (Article of Sarah J. Flashing October 2004, an ethicist for the Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity, Thinking About Christopher Reeve and The Legacy We Leave.) started a foundation, trying to raise money from private organizations for stem cell research. They also attract a lot of media, which helps them get their thoughts and beliefs across to the public via television, newspapers and the Internet. They basically started supporting this considering their own medical conditions. Christopher Reeve passed away due to complications from his paralysis from neck down. He supported embryonic stem cell research to find a cure for his condition. Reeve believed that embryos, from which the stem cells were derived, were killed in the process, as he believed that they were alive. However, he still hoped that with the death of these embryos, a cure for spinal cord injury could be found. He believed in sacrificing lives for a good cause, which would later save millions. By listening to what scientist and other people talk about stem cell research and seeing what it is actually does, Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, in charge of determining whether Embryonic stem cell research is ethical or not, declared that it is completely ethical to perform embryonic stem cell research. However, they explained that there are special guidelines that have to be followed in order to extract stem cells and perform stem cell research. The whole entire process has to be explained in detail to the donors. The consent process consists of various point, including confidentiality and privacy. Final decisions must be made by the donors in person. In rare cases, if the donors are not available for any reason, and have in advantage agreed to donating their embryos in writing, doctors could use their embryos for research. If couples do not want to participate, it is their choice, and medical treatment cannot be affected by their decisions in any way. Embryos cannot be bought, sold and they cannot have any monetary value. They can only be donated or produced in vitro. After following these rules and guidelines, the Ethics Committee regards embryo research as ethically acceptable if it is likely to provide significant new knowledge that will benefit human health and if it is conducted in ways that accord the embryos respect. (Ethics committee). Thirdly conducting survey to find out people's opinion on stem cell research give more comfort before carrying out further research .There is a survey conducted in United State by Univ. of Nevada, Reno faculty members Mariah Evans (lead author) and Jonathan Kelley provide decision-makers with a much clearer picture of how their constituents truly feel about the subject of human embryonic stem cell research. They surveyed a large, representative national sample of 2,295 respondents in 2009. Their most significant findings include: More than two-thirds of respondents approved of using therapeutic cloning (nuclear transfer of the patients own genes) and stem cells from in vitro fertilized embryos to cure cancer or treat heart attacks, while only about one in six respondents did not approve. Therapeutic cloning remains banned in the U.S. today. About one in six respondents had mixed feelings or were undecided. Less than 15 percent did not approve. About one in five had mixed feelings or was undecided. Almost half (43 to 47 percent) of respondents also approve of the use of therapeutic cloning, stem cells from in vitro fertilized embryos and stem cells from an adult to treat allergies, but slightly over one in four do not. And, 28 to 29 percent have mixed feelings or are undecided in this regard. These findings indicate that while more respondents approve of the use of these methods for treatment of less-serious conditions than disapprove of it, the approval is not as strong as it is for using these methods to treat more serious conditions and diseases, such as cancer or heart attacks. Respondents were not as approving of use of these methods for cosmetic purposes, such as creating new skin to restore someones youthful appearance. Almost one-half (45 to 50 percent) disapproved of this use, while only slightly more than one-quarter (25 to 29 percent) approved of this use. About one-quarter had mixed feelings or were undecided. Respondents did not support human reprod uctive cloning, neither of themselves nor of a child who had died, with almost three-quarters (71 to 73 percent) disapproving and only about one in 10 approving. About one in five had mixed feelings or was undecided. Respondents were quite evenly divided in their thoughts on animal cloning with slightly over a third approving, slightly over a third disapproving and about one-quarter having mixed feelings or being undecided. Evans also found it interesting that the majority of respondents trusted their own judgment most when deciding on their approval or disapproval on stem cell research issues, rather than looking to their church or other authorities, such as governmental ethics committees. The vast majority, over two-thirds, says that in deciding whether it is right to allow these treatments, they would follow their own judgment. Only 4 percent gave greater moral weight to the Catholic Church than to themselves, and even among committed church-going Catholics, only about one in five defer to the church on these matters. Even those in the most disapproving demographic group, churchgoing fundamentalist women, were still more in favor than opposed (Univ. of Nevada, 2011). Conclusion With all of this said, I feel that stem cell research is extremely important and ethical. An embryo which is four or five days old, from which stem cells are derived, is not a human being yet, because its brain is nonfunctional and its heart is not beating. So destroying it would not be murder, its just a beginning of a long process of obtaining stem cells from it. When researchers are only allowed to use embryos that are no longer required by the couple, or that are unsuitable for implantation along with the other guidelines put in place,(Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002 Australia) I personally do not see how this is a destruction of life. I actually find myself thinking that this is a way to use the life within each embryo to potentially extend and save the lives of others. I find that no matter the act in question one can definitely have more than one view. Do I find it right to end one human life to save another? No. Do I think it is right to use human embryos that will not be used to help the common good? Yes. No matter what stage I believe an embryo is in when obtained for research, I find that it is better to utilize it than to just throw it away. Im in favor of stem cell research and utilitarian ideals, because I believe in striving for the greater good of all mankind. Utilitarianism believe that if the act is done with the common good in mind then the act is right (Mosser 2010). On the other hand Deontology rejects utilizing the results or consequences of an act to evaluate an act as moral and it would counter-argue saying that it is unethical to destroy human life to save human life, so this should not be done. While both of these theories bring different ways of looking at something they both have challenges as well. Utilitarianism can help provide answers to decisions that can be backed by facts, provided that ethical problems are solved . In this scenario ethical issues can be solved by collecting and using facts and knowledge such as receiving federal and private support in terms of setting polices and funding requirements ,educating public and get their thoughts and beliefs across to the public via television, newspapers and the Internet, conducting surveys . With knowledge one can create a true opinion about an issue and make their own justifiable views. Overall I believe that stem cell research is beneficial. After researching deeper in to it I have come to realize that the good outweigh the bad. When people are not using embryos which are being just discarded why not use them for some good? The loss of life could help save another. In my eyes that is extremely beneficial in a world today where diseases are growing and we need to have cures. References Australia Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002/guidelines/publications/hc38 Barker, R. A., de Beaufort, I. (2013). Scientific and ethical issues related to stem cell research and interventions in neurodegenerative disorders of the brain.Progress in neurobiology,110, 63-73. Christopher A. Walsh, MD, PhD. (2016).Hsci.harvard.edu. Retrieved 9 September 2016, from https://hsci.harvard.edu/people/christopher-walsh-md-phd EuroStem Cell, (2011). Embryonic Stem Cell Research: An Ethical Dilemma. Retrieved from https://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/embryonic-stem-cell-research-ethical-dilemma Gold, R. B. (2004). Harper, J., Geraedts, J., Borry, P., Cornel, M. C., Dondorp, W. J., Gianaroli, L., ... Morris, M. (2014). Current issues in medically assisted reproduction and genetics in Europe: research, clinical practice, ethics, legal issues and policy.Human Reproduction, deu130. Lowenthal, J., Lipnick, S., Rao, M., Hull, S. C. (2012). Specimen collection for induced pluripotent stem cell research: harmonizing the approach to informed consent.Stem cells translational medicine,1(5), 409-421. Mosser, K. (2010). Introduction to ethics and social responsibility. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education,Inc. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007)/guidelines/publications/e72 Nowakowski, T. J., Pollen, A. A., Di Lullo, E., Sandoval-Espinosa, C., Bershteyn, M., Kriegstein, A. R. (2016). Expression analysis highlights AXL as a candidate Zika virus entry receptor in neural stem cells.Cell stem cell,18(5), 591-596. Panno, J. (2014).Stem cell research: medical applications and ethical controversy. Infobase Publishing. Science Daily. (2012). Adult Stem Cells. Retrieved fromhttps://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/adult_stem_cell.htm Stem cell information. The National Institute of Health. Available https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics Stem cell research. Available https://www.bioethics.com/stemcell.asp Stem cell." Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009.Merriam-Webster Online. 14 November 2009 The misleading debate on stem cell research. August 20, 2004 Available https://www.townhall.com. Thinking About Christopher Reeve and the Legacy We Leave. October 15, 2004 Available https://www.cbhd.org/resources/stemcells/flashing_2004-10-15.htm Vogel, G. (2016). A race to explain Brazil's spike in birth defects.Science,351(6269), 110-111.

Gods Grandeur Essay Example For Students

Gods Grandeur Essay As a Jesuit priest who had converted to Catholicism in the summer of 1866, Gerard Manley Hopkinss mind was no doubt saturated with the Bible (Bergonzi 34). Although in Gods Grandeur Hopkins does not use any specific quotations from the Bible, he does employ images that evoke a variety of biblical verses and scenes, all of which lend meaning to his poem. Hopkins creates a powerful form of typological allusion by abstracting the essencethe defining conceit, idea, or structurefrom individual scriptural types (Landow, Typological 1). Through its biblical imagery, the poem manages to conjure up, at various points, images of the Creation, the Fall, Christs Agony and Crucifixion, mans continuing sinfulness and rebellion, and the continuing presence and quiet work of the Holy Spirit. These images combine to assure the reader that although the world may look bleak, man may yet hope, because God, through the sacrifice of Christ and the descent of His Holy Spirit, has overcome the world. The op ening line of Gods Grandeur is reminiscent both of the Creation story and of some verses from the Book of Wisdom. The word charged leads one to think of a spark or light, and so thoughts of the Creation, which began with a spark of light, are not far off: And God said, Let there be light: and there was light (Gen. 1.3). Yet this charge was not a one time occurrence; the world is charged with the grandeur of God (Hopkins 1). Or, in the words of Wisdom 1:7, The spirit of the Lord fills the world (Boyle 25). This line of the poem also sounds like Wisdom 17:20: For the whole world shone with brilliant light . . . Nor does the similarity end with the first part of this biblical verse. The author of Wisdom proceeds to tell us that the light continued its works without interruption; Over the Egyptians alone was spread oppressive night . . . yet they were to themselves more burdensome than the darkness (Wisd. 17.20-21). Here lies the essence of Hopkinss poem. In lines five through eight, he will show us the oppressive night that men bring upon themselves in their disregard for God and His creation. But he will also show us, in the final sestet of his poem, that the light will nonetheless continue to shine without interruption. God will not cease working in the world. Indeed, His grandeur will flame out, like shining from shook foil (Hopkins 2). The word flame is often associated with Gods grandeur. In Daniel 7:9, the prophet describes Gods throne as being like the fiery flame. In Revelation, the Son of God . . . hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire (Rev. 2.18). In Exodus, God appears unto Moses in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush (Exod. 3.2; Boyle 31). After promising Samsons parents a son, the angel of the Lord ascended in the flame of the altar (Judges 13.20). It is possible, too, that this flame is meant to recall the cloven tongues like as of fire that appeared above men on the day of Pentecost, when Gods grandeur was shown through the descent of His Holy Spirit and in the speaking of tongues (Acts 2.1-4; Boyle 27-28). The second half of this image is primarily a scientific one. It refers to gold leaf foil as used to measure electrical charges in Faradays famous experiment (Boyle 26). But there is also a biblical significance. Proverbs 4:18 tells us that the path of the just is as the shining light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day. Just as light is reflected from gold foil, flashing out in multiplying rays, so too does the Light of God, which leads men, continue to increase. This image in one way ties into lines three and four of Hopkinss poem, in which Gods grandeur gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil / Crushed. Both images demonstrate a process of increase in Gods grandeur. Gethsemane means the place of the olive-press' (Landow, Typological 6; Boyle 32). It was there that Gods grandeur gathered to a greatness, for it was there that Christ wrestled with doubt and fear and, gathering His strength, finall y made an irrevocable choice to glorify His Father: not my will, but thine, be done (Luke 22.42). The olive, in itself, is not particularly valuable. It can be eaten, but until it is pressed, it has no further use. Once pressed into oil, however, it was used in biblical times for cooking (1 Kings 17.12-13), lighting lamps (Exod. 27.20), anointing (Ps. 23.5), binding wounds (Luke 10.34), and in perfume (Luke 8.46). It was very valuable, and the promised land was referred to as, among other things, a land of oil olive (Deut. 8.8). This, then, is an apt metaphor for Gods grandeur as revealed through Jesus Christ. Had Christ chosen, at that point of agony in the garden, not to submit to the crucifixion, His entire life up to that point would have been (like the uncrushed olive) of little value. His teachings and His miracles would probably have been forgotten in time, and man would still have no adequate atonement for sin. But just as the olive is crushed to reveal something costly and useful, so too did Christ chose to be crushed to bring forth His priceless blood, which saves men (Landow, Typological 6). Accepting this role was no easy matter for Christ. Robert Boyle sees the main point of the olive oil image as being that something hidden, beautiful, and wonderfully powerful is revealed (31). But an at least equally important point is how that hidden something is revealed. Boyle believes the olive oil image refers not to the gathering of ooze from the cracks of a press but rather to gentle kneading with a hand: the beauty and power is hidden within the olive and can be brought out without a press at all, e.g., by the pressure of the fingers or palms (32). This seems unlikely, however, given that at Gethsemane, Christ was not lightly pressed as if in a palm, but was rather weighed down and crushed with great agony, sweating as it were great drops of blood and begging that, if at all possible, His cup be taken from Him (Luke 22.42-44; Boyle 32). Furthermore, it w as at the oil-press that Christ, in order to purchase beauty and life, chose to submit to an even greater crushing: the beams of the bark that would grind Him down as He bore His cross up the hill of Calvary, the pain that would come from being nailed through His hands and feet, and the slow suffocation that would precede His death (Landow, Typological 6). George P. Landow acknowledges the significance of Christs suffering. He describes one of Hopkinss basic and generating conceit:. . . higher beauty and higher victory can come forth only when something . . . is subject to greater pressure and crushed or bruised . . . true beauty, true life, true victory can only be achieved, as Christ has shown, by being bruised and crushed. (Allusion 1). This conceit, Landow explains, is based upon the type of Genesis 3:15, which says: And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shall bruise his heel. Christ is the one who bruises Satans head, defeating the adversary through His own bruising, His crucifixion. To the casual reader, this image of the ooze of oil / Crushed may seem unnecessarily crude. It contrasts sharply with the brilliant metaphor of flame and shining. As Virginia Ellis writes, the image of shaken goldfoil, once properly understood, vividly suggests both the breadth and the sudden flashing depth of Gods power (129-30). The word ooze, on the other hand, generally possesses a disagreeable connotation. Yet this contrast must be deliberate. For the Incarnation is, after all, a very crude thing. An omnipotent, omniscient God chose to come down from the heavenly realm and take on the form of a mere man, subjecting Himself to the limitations of humanity, in order that He might die a cruel death to save men who were yet sinners (Rom. 5.8). The brilliance of lines one and two of Hopkinss poem contrast with the crudeness of lines three and four to reveal Gods amazing condescension, which is part of His grandeur. Given this awesome condescension, and given the emotional and physical pain to which Christ subjected Himself, Hopkins cries plaintively, Why do men then now not reck his rod? (4). Most likely, this reference to rod will evoke in the readers mind the image from Revelation in which Christ rules men with a rod of iron (Rev. 19.15). But a mo re appropriate allusion may be found in Isaiah: And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots: And the spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him (11.1-2; emphasis added). The his of this line of the poem must grammatically refer to the God of line one. Gods rod, then, is Christ Himself. God gave up his rod, His only Son, as a sacrifice for the very men who (we will soon see) fail both to perceive and to honor Him in His creation. And the very blame which Hopkins heaps on man in lines five through eight of the poem is witness to his vivid realization that man does not need to be behaving as he does, that the Fall has been undone by the Second Adam (Boyle 37). Indeed, the rod of iron that awaits these men could become for them a rod of comfort. If they would but trust in Gods Rod, they too, like the psalmist, might say, Yea though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me (Ps. 23.4). Juvenile Delinquency EssayOnly seemingly, writes Ellis, is Gods energy fallen, crushed, debased in this world (128). For, even though the last lights off the black West went / Oh, morning, at the brown brink eastward springs (Hopkins 11-12). Or, as 2 Samuel 23:4 prophesies, he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, even a morning without clouds; as the tender grass springing out of the earth by clear shining after rain. Again, the vehicle of the metaphor is nature, and its rejuvenation symbolizes Christs coming into the world. This image of morning springing from darkness also draws our attention to the words of Isaiah: Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth speedily (58.8). And again:I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known: I will make darkness light before them, and crooked things straight. These things will I do unto them, and not forsake them. (Isaiah 42.16; emphasis added)The continuing presence of the Holy Spirit is proof of this promise. God continues to work through the Holy Ghost, who over the bent / World broods with warm breast and with ah! bright wings (Hopkins 13-14). The bent (crooked) world has not been abandoned by God; it will be made straight, for it has been conquered by Him, and it is still being protected by Him. The bird imagery of line fourteen is drawn from the baptism of Jesus, when he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him (Matt. 3.17; Boyle 38). This dove imagery, in turn, is meant to recall Genesis, in which the Holy Spirit apparently broods over the world: And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters (1.2; Boyle 38). The wing imagery possess a variety of positive connotations. Wings are associated in the Bible with Gods healing (Mal. 4.2), with His protection (Ruth 2.12; Ps. 17.8, 26.7, 57.1, 61.4, 63.7, 91.4; Matt. 23.37), with the strength that He imparts to man (Isa. 40.31; Exod. 19.4), and with His conquest. This last association, though not the most obvious, is perhaps the most crucial. When God is said to spread His wings over a city, it means He has conquered it (Jer. 48.40). At the end of Gods Grandeur, God, in the person of the Holy Spirit, has spread His bright wings over the bent world, implying that He is not only protecting, healing, and strengthening it, but that, despite the seeming triumph of darkness, He has already conquered the world through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who was crushed like an olive for this very purpose. The world remains charged with the grandeur of God, in spite of all mankind has done and is doing to pollute and pervert and tread out its radiance (Ellis 129). God, through the constant presence of His Holy Spirit, continues to rejuvenate physical nature as well as the human spirit; both are being made over anew (Wisd. 19.6). So, however dark and dreary this world may appear (and does appea r in lines five through eight of the poem), we must not surrender hope. For as Christ exhorted, In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world (John 16.33).

Email Files Attachments Essays - Webmail, Email, Email Attachment

Email Files Attachments You can attach any file -- word processing documents, spreadsheets, graphics, photographs, even sounds -- to an e-mail message. To attach a file to your e-mail Click Write. Click Attachments. In the Attachments window, click Attach. Navigate to the folder that contains the file you want to attach. Double-click the file you want to attach. Repeat steps 3-5 for any other files you want to attach. Click OK. Notes The maximum size for a file attachment you can send to another AOL member is 15 MB. The maximum size for a file attachment you can send to an Internet address is 2 MB. The recipient must have software that is compatible with your file(s). For example, if you send someone a WordPerfect file, your recipient must have either WordPerfect or a word processing program capable of opening WordPerfect files. Also make sure the file is compatible with your recipient's computer; a Macintosh machine may not be able to read some Windows files, and vice versa.

Lady Godivas Famous Ride Through Coventry

Lady Godiva's Famous Ride Through Coventry According to legend, Leofric, the Anglo-Saxon Earl of Mercia, imposed heavy taxes on those who lived on his lands. Lady Godiva, his wife, tried to persuade him to remove the taxes, which caused suffering.  He refused to remit them, finally telling her that he would if she would ride  nude on horseback through the streets of the town of Coventry. Of course, he first proclaimed that all citizens should stay inside and close the shutters over their windows. According to the legend, her long hair modestly covered her nudity. Godiva, with that spelling, is the Roman version of the Old English name Godgifu or Godgyfu, meaning gift of God. The term peeping Tom supposedly begins with part of this story, too.  The story is that one citizen, a tailor named Tom, dared to view the noblewoman Lady Godivas nude ride. He made a small hole in his shutters.  So peeping Tom was applied after that to any man who snuck a peek at a naked woman, usually through a small hole in a fence or wall. How true is this story?  Is it a total myth? Exaggeration of something that really happened?  Like much that happened that long ago, the answer is not completely known, since there were not detailed historical records kept. What we do know:  Lady Godiva was a real historical figure. Her name appears with Leofrics, her husbands, on documents of the time.  Her signature appears with documents making grants to monasteries. She was, apparently, a generous woman. She is also mentioned in an 11th-century book as the only major female landowner after the Norman conquest.  So she seems to have had some power, even in widowhood. But the famous nude ride?  The story of her ride does not appear in any written record we now have, until almost 200 years after it would have happened. The oldest telling is by Roger of Wendover in the Flores Historiarum. Roger alleges that the ride happened in 1057. A 12th-century chronicle credited to the monk Florence of Worcester mentions Leofric and Godiva.  But that document has nothing about such a memorable event.  (Not to mention that most scholars today ascribe the chronicle to a fellow monk named John, though Florence may have been an influence or contributor.) In the 16th century, Protestant printer Richard Grafton of Coventry told another version of the story, considerably cleaned up, and focused on a horse tax.  A ballad of the late 17th century follows this version. Some scholars, finding little evidence of the truth of the story as it has generally been told, have offered other explanations: she rode not naked but in her underwear. Such public processions to show penitence were known at the time.  Another explanation offered is that perhaps she rode through town as a peasant might, without her jewelry that marked her as a wealthy woman. But the word used in the earliest chronicles is one used for being without any clothing at all, not just without outer clothing, or without jewelry. Most serious scholars agree: the story of the ride is not history, but myth or legend. Theres no reliable historical evidence from anywhere near the time, and that histories nearer the time have no mention of the ride adds credence to this conclusion. Lending strength to that conclusion is that Coventry was only founded in 1043, so by 1057, its unlikely it would have been large enough for the ride to be as dramatic as it is pictured in the legends. The story of peeping Tom doesnt even appear in Roger of Wendovers version 200 years after the ride supposedly happened. It first appears in the 18th century, a gap of 700 years, though there are claims of it appearing in 17th-century sources which have not been found.  Chances are the term was already in use, and the legend was made up as a good backstory.  Tom was, as in the phrase every Tom, Dick, and Harry, probably just a stand-in for any man, in making a general category of men who violated a womans privacy by observing her through a hole in a wall.  Furthermore, Tom isnt even a typical Anglo-Saxon name, so this part of the story likely comes from far later than the time of Godiva. So heres the conclusion: Lady Godivas ride likely belongs in the Just Aint So Story category, rather than being historical truth.  If you disagree: wheres the near-contemporary evidence? About Lady Godiva Dates:  born possibly about 1010, died between 1066 and 1086Occupation:  noblewomanKnown for:  legendary naked ride through CoventryAlso known as:  Godgyfu, Godgifu (means gift of God) Marriage, Children Husband: Leofric, Earl of MerciaChildren:Godiva was probably the mother of Leofrics son, Aelfgar of Mercia, married to Aelgifu.Children of Aelfgar and Aelfgifu included Edith of Mercia (Ealdgyth) who married Gruffydd ap Llewellyn and Harold II (Harold Godwinson) of England. More About Lady Godiva We know very little about Lady Godivas real history. She is mentioned in some contemporary or near-contemporary sources as the wife of the earl of Mercia, Leofric. A twelfth-century chronicle says that Lady Godiva was a widow when she married Leofric. Her name appears with her husbands in connection with donations to a number of monasteries, so she was likely known for her generosity by contemporaries. Lady Godiva is mentioned in the Domesday book as being alive after the Norman conquest (1066) as the only major woman to hold land after the conquest, but by the time of the books writing (1086) she had died.

Key Theories of How Strategy is Developed and Implemented and the Assignment

Key Theories of How Strategy is Developed and Implemented and the Relationship between Strategy, Innovation and Change - Assignment Example The researcher states that the development and successful implementation of effective business strategies are often regarded to be one of the most vital functions of organizational management as it supports them to accomplish the determined goals and obtained the desired outcomes. As stated by Johnson, different strategic levels can be witnessed as existing within a particular organization. For instance, corporate level, operational level, and business level can be identified as three broad categories which are often used in theoretical contexts to segregate strategic levels. The concept of corporate-level strategy has been viewed to be primarily concerned with determining the overall scope of a firm and evaluating its business as well as operational performances. Similarly, the business-level strategy signifies the competencies possessed by an organization and thus plays a vital role in assisting the business to defeat its major rivalries in its targeted business markets. Correspond ingly, the notion of operational-level strategy represents the efficiency of an organization to use its valuable operational resources quite effectively with the purpose of attaining the desired business targets in the most convenient way. As affirmed by Johnson, the conception of corporate strategy is typically described as a procedure that supports an organization’s growth in effectively combining the processes performed within the different functional areas of business through which the attainment of the expected business outcomes is likely to become easier. According to Capon, organizations can obtain numerous benefits by adopting as well as implementing effectual business strategies. The common benefits obtained through strategic effectiveness include sustainable growth opportunities through facilitated stakeholder relationship, better community involvement through enhanced communication, an augmented contribution from organizational members to upraise operational perfor mances and consequently, the successful accomplishment of superior competitive positioning.